Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent Neural Networks

A recurrent neural network carries a hidden state \mathbf{h}_t across time steps, a learned summary of all input seen so far:

\mathbf{h}_t = \phi(\mathbf{W}_{xh}\mathbf{x}_t + \mathbf{W}_{hh}\mathbf{h}_{t-1} + \mathbf{b}).

Same weights at every step, so the parameter count is constant regardless of sequence length. Unbounded effective context (in principle), with no fixed-size window like an n-gram.

Unrolled in time

An RNN unrolled across three time steps; the same weights are reused at every step.

Setup

from d2l import tensorflow as d2l
import tensorflow as tf

The recurrence in code

The naive form: two matrix multiplies, summed:

X, W_xh = d2l.normal((3, 1)), d2l.normal((1, 4))
H, W_hh = d2l.normal((3, 4)), d2l.normal((4, 4))
d2l.matmul(X, W_xh) + d2l.matmul(H, W_hh)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(3, 4), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[-0.80866534,  0.42513677, -0.26260477,  0.42250693],
       [-1.2269405 , -1.3283389 , -1.4689487 , -0.73261046],
       [ 3.4852662 ,  2.9564004 ,  1.46526   , -1.4161625 ]],
      dtype=float32)>

Equivalently, concatenate input and hidden and multiply by the concatenated weight matrix. Same result, one matmul:

d2l.matmul(d2l.concat((X, H), 1), d2l.concat((W_xh, W_hh), 0))
<tf.Tensor: shape=(3, 4), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[-0.8086653 ,  0.42513683, -0.2626047 ,  0.42250693],
       [-1.2269405 , -1.3283387 , -1.4689488 , -0.7326105 ],
       [ 3.4852662 ,  2.9564002 ,  1.46526   , -1.4161625 ]],
      dtype=float32)>

The concatenate-then-multiply form is what most framework RNN implementations actually do.

Constant memory per step

  • \mathbf{h}_t has a fixed size, independent of t.
  • To form \mathbf{h}_t we need only \mathbf{h}_{t-1} and \mathbf{x}_t; everything older can be dropped.
  • Any-length input at flat per-step memory and compute.
  • The trade: the state is a lossy summary, so it must learn what to keep. Attention (later) keeps everything instead, at a cost that grows with length.

As a language model

  • Embedding maps a BPE token id to a vector \mathbf{x}_t.
  • RNN updates the hidden state \mathbf{h}_t.
  • Linear head projects \mathbf{h}_t to vocab logits; softmax gives P(x_{t+1} \mid x_{\le t}).
  • Loss = cross-entropy with the next-token target.

Teacher forcing

Targets are the inputs shifted forward by one token; each step predicts the next token.

Train on gold prefixes; generate on the model’s own outputs. That mismatch is the rollout-error problem again.

Recap

  • RNN: \mathbf{h}_t = \phi(\mathbf{W}_{xh}\mathbf{x}_t + \mathbf{W}_{hh}\mathbf{h}_{t-1} + \mathbf{b}).
  • Same parameters at every step; the hidden state is a fixed-size summary of the whole past.
  • Trains by backprop through time: gradients flow from \mathbf{h}_T back to every earlier hidden state.
  • Those long products vanish or explode on long sequences, fixed by LSTM and GRU in the next chapter.